大宁河2010年春季水华浮游植物群落结构分析

2010年3月对大宁河发生水华现象的水质及其浮游植物进行调查监测研究,应用多样性指数、物种丰富度指数及均匀性指数对藻类多样性进行评价,研究了藻类的优势种、细胞密度及藻类的空间分布。结果表明,其水质属于中富营养型,浮游植物主要为甲藻门的拟多甲藻,绿藻门的小球藻,共鉴定出7个门31个属。在水平方向,S8点的藻密度最大;在垂直方向,各种浮游植物藻类细胞密度出现明显的分层变化,不同深度的优势种也有一定的差异;在水华期间,表层藻细胞密度最高,随着深度的增加,藻类细胞密度逐渐减小。     

处理重金属废水人工湿地中微生物群落结构和酶活性变化

研究了处理含铜、铬与镍废水的三阶段波形潜流人工湿地中微生物群落结构和酶活性的空间变化. 用稀释平板菌落计数法研究了微生物的数量变化,用PCR-DGGE结合测序研究了微生物群落结构变化,并用比色法测定了土壤酶活性. 结果表明,在人工湿地中,细菌数量为(4.10 ± 0.72)×10⁶ ～ (1.61±0.10)×10⁷,真菌数量为(7.21±1.60)×10⁴ ～(1.29±0.02)×10⁵;放线菌数量为(1.41±0.27)×10⁶ ～(3.38±0.11)×10⁶. 回收自DGGE凝胶中的8个不同的条带均为特异的16S rRNA序列或18S rRNA序列,说明微生物群落结构发生了显著变化. 最大的脲酶活性［（0.67 ± 0.2) mg/(g·24 h）］、蔗糖酶活性［（40.15 ± 0.14) mg/(g·24 h）］和碱性磷酸酶活性［（1.03 ± 0.16) mg/(g·2 h）］分别出现在第1、第3和第1阶段. 相关性分析表明,真菌数与全量铬含量、有效态铬含量和铬的活化率均呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶活性与全量铜、全量镍和有效态镍也均呈显著负相关.     

太湖表层底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化

为了研究太湖底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化,分别于2010年冬季(2月)、春季(4月)和夏季(6月)采集太湖不同湖区底泥样品,应用基于mcyA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和实时定量PCR(QPCR)技术分析底泥样品.结果表明,产毒蓝藻在太湖底泥中分布广泛,其群落结构和种群丰度存在空间和季节差异性:不同湖区间群落组成相似性系数变化范围为67%～97%;冬季、春季和夏季底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构的香农多样性指数变化范围分别为2.774～3.392、1.649～2.619和0.681～1.996,呈逐渐下降趋势;且香农多样性指数与样品中优势基因型所占比例呈极显著负相关(p<0.01,r=-0.95);从冬季到夏季,底泥中蓝藻复苏进入水体中,产毒蓝藻种群丰度逐渐降低.底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的动态变化与温度、光照、溶解氧、电导率和pH值密切相关.     

失稳硝化膜生物反应器的性能恢复研究

对高水力负荷条件下丧失硝化功能的膜生物反应器进行恢复实验,将水力停留时间(HRT)从原来的5h延长到正常条件下可以实现完全硝化的10h后,在进水NH4+-N浓度为500mg.L-1的条件下反应器可去除99%的NH4+-N,但NO2--N出现严重积累,在60d的实验过程中NO2--N平均出水浓度为425mg.L-1.荧光原位杂交分析结果表明,氨氧化菌(AOBs)在总菌中的比例与恢复实验前没有变化,分别为12.9%(恢复实验期)和9.75%(恢复实验前),但氨氧化杆菌(Nitrosomonas)在AOBs中的比例从80%降低到40%;亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOBs)在总菌中的比例下降一半(从5.64%下降至2.84%),并以慢生型的Nitrospira为主.高NO2-含量和高胞外物浓度(497.1mg.L-1)可能是导致亚硝酸盐氧化功能难以恢复的主要原因.     

生物膜复合系统脱氮除磷的特征及微生物群落结构分析

试验研究了序批式生物膜复合系统在不同有机负荷下氮磷等营养物质的去除特性.结果表明,复合系统在COD负荷为0.35kg.kg-1.d-1(以MLSS计)时能够很好解决脱氮除磷的泥龄矛盾,TP、TN、NH4+-N去除率分别能达到96%、89%和96%,高于对照组的SBR工艺.复合系统中,悬浮污泥对硝化起主要作用,悬浮态污泥和生物膜的硝化平均贡献比为1.66;附着态生物膜对反硝化和除磷起主要作用,生物膜和悬浮态污泥的反硝化贡献比为2.19,释磷贡献比为3.5,摄磷贡献比为3.76.利用PCR-DGGE技术发现,复合系统中存在丰富的脱氮功能菌和除磷功能菌,且悬浮态与附着态微生物的相似性仅为73%,区别较大,说明两者存在一定的分工协作,与反应器的处理特性相一致.     

温度对ABR反应器处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(Anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)工艺处理模拟养猪场废水,考察低温(15±1)℃、中温(35±1)℃、高温(50±1)℃等3个温度条件对ABR处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响.同时,在水力停留时间HRT为24 h,进水COD为2000 mg·L^-1的条件下,考察了不同温度条件对ABR系统出水COD、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acid, VFA)的影响.最后,采用扫描电镜和荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)分别考察了不同温度条件对污泥微生物形态、种群结构和相对丰度的影响.结果显示,中温条件下系统的COD去除率最高,保持在96%以上,而低温和高温条件下系统的COD去除率均在70%左右;温度变化对反应器内pH值的影响不大;VFA含量在中温条件下最低,表示反应器运行最稳定;FISH结果显示,中温条件下系统真细菌和古细菌的总相对丰度最高,比低温和高温条件下分别高出12%和27%.     

Variability of soil organic carbon reservation capability between coastal salt marsh and riverside freshwater wetland in Chongming Dongtan and its microbial mechanism

Two representative zones in Chongming Dongtan which faced the Yangtze River and East China Sea respectively were selected to study the variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) reservation capability between coastal wetland and riverside wetland in the Chongming Dongtan wetland as well as its mechanism by analyzing soil characteristics and plant biomass. The results showed the SOC content of riverside wetland was only 48.61% (P = 0.000 < 0.05) that of coastal wetland. As the organic matter inputs from plant litter of the coastal wetland and riverside wetland were approximately the same, the higher soil microbial respiration (SMR) of riverside wetland led to its lower SOC reservation capability. In the riverside wetland, the high soil microbial biomass, higher proportion of β-Proteobacteria, which have strong carbon metabolism activity and the existence of some specific aerobic heterotrophic bacteria such as Bacilli and uncultured Lactococcus, were the important reasons for the higher SMR compared to the coastal wetland. There were additional differences in soil physical and chemical characteristics between the coastal wetland and riverside wetlands. Path analysis of predominant bacteria and microbial biomass showed that soil salinity influenced β-Proteobacteria and microbial biomass most negatively among these physical and chemical factors. Therefore the low salinity of the riverside area was suitable for the growth of microorganisms, especially β-Proteobacteria and some specific bacteria, which led to the high SMR and low SOC reservation capability when compared to the coastal area.     

Effect of vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and their straw amendment on soil enzymes, respiration, functional diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms under field conditions

With the development of transgenic crops, there is an increasing concern about the possible adverse effects of their vegetation and residues on soil environmental quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible effects of the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines Huachi B6 (HC) and TT51 (TT) followed by the return of their straw to the soil on soil enzymes (catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase and invertase), anaerobic respiration activity, microbial utilization of carbon substrates and community structure, under field conditions. The results indicated that the vegetation of the two transgenic rice lines (HC and TT) and return of their straw had few adverse effects on soil enzymes and anaerobic respiration activity compared to their parent and distant parent, although some transient differences were observed. The vegetation and subsequent straw amendment of Bt rice HC and TT did not appear to have a harmful effect on the richness, evenness and community structure of soil microorganisms. No different pattern of impact due to plant species was found between HC and TT. It could be concluded that the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and the return of their straw as organic fertilizer may not alter soil microbe-mediated functions.     

Bacterial diversity and distribution in the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert and their correlation with soil enzyme activities

The nature of microbial communities and their relation to enzyme activities in desert soils is a neglected area of investigation. To address this, the bacterial diversity and distribution and soil physico-chemical factors were investigated in the soil crust, the soil beneath the crust and rhizosphere soil at the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert, using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA genes amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced DGGE bands revealed a great diversity of bacteria. The Proteobacteria, consisting of the α, β, and γ subdivisions, were clearly the dominant group at all depths and in rhizosphere soil. Analysis of the enzyme activities indicated that the rhizosphere soil of Caragana korshinskii exhibited the highest protease and polyphenol oxidase activities, and in the soil crust there were increased activities of catalase, urease, dehydrogenase and sucrase. The bacterial community abundance closely correlated with soil enzyme activities in different soils. The presence of Cyanobacteria correlated with significant increases in protease, catalase and sucrase in the soil crust, and increased urease in the rhizosphere soil of Artemisia ordosica. The occurrence of Acidobacteria was associated with significant increases in urease, dehydrogenase, and sucrase in the rhizosphere soil of C. korshinski. The presence of γ-Proteobacteria correlated with a significant increase in polyphenol oxidase in the rhizosphere soil of A. ordosica. The study indicated a close relationship between the soil bacterial community and soil enzymes, suggesting the necessity of further investigations into bacterial function in this desert ecosystem.     

氮磷胁迫下藻-菌群落的变化研究

近年来,由于水体富营养化而导致的蓝藻水华在我国太湖与滇池等淡水湖泊频繁爆发,已成为严重的环境问题,而氮、磷则是引起水体富营养化的重要营养因子。文章通过藻细胞计数、细菌群落的DGGE监测,以及典型对应CCA分析,系统研究了不同的氮磷浓度、N/P比对藻-菌群落结构的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,氮磷浓度和N/P比均会影响藻类生长,其中,氮磷浓度较N/P比对藻类生物量的影响更大;N/P=12为藻类生长的最适条件,氮限制(N/P=3)和磷限制(N/P=48)均会抑制藻类生长;添加外源氮磷可促进细菌的生长,提高其多样性,但随着N/P比的提高,其种群多样性呈逐渐下降趋势;细菌群落主要由β-proteobacteria类细菌组成,其次是α-proteobacteria,然后是Bacteroidetes和γ-proteobacteria。与氮、磷营养盐相比,藻类群落对细菌群落的影响更大。